Hot or Cold?
With full throttle
The only method "to circumvent" the laws of Carnot is to increase the temperature of combustion (by using new materials for the turbines). At temperatures of 1400°C efficiency from about 60% can be reached.
Selection of outputs
peak of efficiency of the action or of tools(%)
| human, swimming, surface |
2 |
| human, swimming, underwater |
4 |
| human, shoveling |
3 |
| steam engine |
17 |
| human, cycling |
25 |
| reciprocating gasiline engine |
30 |
| natural gas turbine |
40 |
| muscle contractions |
50 |
| combined cycle (gas-steam) turbine |
60 |
| fuel cell |
60 |
| electric motor |
80 |
| combined heat and power turbine |
95 |
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