In 1905 A. Einstein, a technical expert of 3rd level in Swiss
Bureau of Patents published in the 17th volume of the “Annalen
der Physik” three articles, written in almost two months periods: in March
about the emission and transformation of the llight [1], im May about the
thermal motion of the suspended particles in a liquid [2] and the last, at
end of June on the electrodynamics of moving objects [3]. In volume 18th,
published in September - the text on the mass of moving objects [4].
Those were not first works of Einstein, in 1901 he
wrote about the capillarity, in years 1902-1904 some works on thermodynamics.
In 1907 [5] replying to Planck’s work he wrote: “… Mr. Planck introduced
new hypothetical element to the physics – a photon hypothesis”. But his works
from 1905 were the most extraordinary: very few men, may be except Newton
in 1701, published so many new ideas in such short time.
Four manuscripts from 1905 changed our understanding of Physics. Having in
mind that the relativistic effect of the mass – means the atomic energy,
and the assumptions about photon populations – mean lasers, these manuscripts
changed all our contemporary world.
[1] Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffendedn
heuristichen Gesichtspunkt, Annalen der Physik 17 (1905) 133-148 [About emission
and transformation of the light from heuristic point of wiev]
[2] Über die von molekularkinetichen Theori der Wörma gefordert Bewegung
von in ruhenden Flóssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen, Annalen der Physik
17 (1905) 549-560 [About thermal movement of the particles in non movemenent
liquids on base of the molecular thermal theory]
[3] Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper, Annalen der Physik 17 (1905) 891-921
[About electrodynamics of bodies in movement]
[4] Ist die Trógheit eines Körpes von seinem Energieinhalt abhänging, Annalen
der Physik 18 (1906) 639-641 [Is inertia of bodies dependent on their energy?]
[1] The first text explains the photovoltaic effect and brought to Einstein
the Nobel Prize. But this text was not born "just from abstract mind - that
means vacuum". In 6th paragraph Einstein discussed Planck's results, in 7th
- the Stock's rule why the emmision spectrum is shifted in comparison to
the absorption spectrum. On final pages, based on the newest Lenard's results
(who in 1902 showed that photoelectron energy did not in depend on the intensity
of light) Einstein writes formula for the work potential W=Ekin
-hv .
[2] The second text is about Brown
's movement. Assuming that the particles suspended in a liquid are of spherical
shape with
P radius, the mean distance of their departure from origin in time
t depend on temperature T , viscosity k and Avogadro's
number N
Einstein explains phenomena known almost one hundred years: not only shows
that something really small (atoms) can cause macroscopic (according to his
calculations a movement with the speed of 0.8 μ/s for 1 micron particles
at room temperature) but in some way he demonstrates the very existence
of atoms and as he writes: "giving a new way to determine
their size".
[3] "About electrodynamics of bodies in movement", that classic lecture
of particular theory of relativity. Assuming the constancy of lightspeed
in different reference systems, Einstein derives Lorentz's transformations
for this system.ó He prooves that that Maxwell's laws do not change for these
transformations, he also makes considerations on a Doppler's effect and the
dynamics of electrons in motion. This article puts the basis for the relativity
theory, however it does not develope them.
[4] In that work, again coming from a constant speed of light V, Einstein
gives the formula for the change of objects mass, if they emmit the energy
L. Thist change is equal, using Einstein's symbols - L/V2
.
