In.var and re.var
Invar is Fe-Ni, 65-35% alloy. Ab-initio calculations [1] showed that magnetic moments of nickel (blue
here) are aligned, while those of iron (red) seem to be chaotic. And
this disorder-in- order assures the minimum volume (and energy). Read below
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![](../images/invar1a.jpg)
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INVAR Effect- after 100 years finally understood
In 1897 the Swiss physicist Charles Edouard Guillaume discovered that fcc Fe-Ni alloys with a Ni
concentration around 35 atomic %, now called INVAR, exhibit anomalously low, almost zero, thermal expansion over a
wide temperature range. This discovery immediately found widespread application in the
construction of calibrated, high-precision mechanical instruments,
such as seismographs and hair springs in watches. Today, Invar alloys
are used in temperature-sensitive devises,
such as shadow masks for television and computer screens. In 1920
Guillaume was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of
these Fe-Ni alloys.
It was realized early on that the explanation of the Invar effect is related
to magnetism. Yet, though it has been 100 years since this effect was
discovered, it was not understood. In a recent article published in
Nature ''Origin of the Invar effect in iron-nickel alloys (Nature 400,
46 (1999)), I. Abrikosov and B. Johansson from Uppsala node of the
Network, in collaboration with Mark van Schilfgaarde from Sandia
National Laboratories, Livermore, USA, presented results of ab initio
calculations of volume dependences of magnetic and thermodynamic
properties for the most typical Invar system, a random fcc Fe-Ni Invar
alloy, where they allowed for noncollinear spin alignments, i.e. where
the spins may be canted with respect to the average magnetization
direction. They have found that the evolution of the magnetic
structure already at zero temperature is characterized principally by
a continuous transition from the ferromagnetic state at high volumes
to a disordered noncollinear configuration at low volumes, and that
there is an additional, comparable contribution to the net
magnetization from the changes in the amplitudes of the local magnetic
moments. The noncollinearity gave rise to an anomalous volume
dependence of the binding energy curve, and this allowed Mark van
Schilfgaarde, I. Abrikosov and B. Johansson to explain the well-known
peculiarities of Invar systems.
http://psi-k.dl.ac.uk/TMR1/summary_report.htm
The result on INVAR has been obtained within EU TMR
Network Ab-Initio Calculations of Magnetic Properties of Surfaces, Interfaces and Multilayers guided by prof. Walter from
Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, UK
We thank for the permission.
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Do you remember old spring-moved clocks? Their pendulum was attached
to thin, high-precision spings, made of INVAR. Old material, but new discoveries! |
Some material shrink with temperature, another come back to their
old shape. We call them “shape-memory” alloys. |
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![](../images/invar2.jpg) |
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Memory-shape flaps do not require huge hydraulic actuators but only heating wires. They are used in USA
military aviation from sixties Other applications of memory-shape alloys span from robot actuators, hydraulic fittings to medical
protesis. |
The most common shape-memory metals are Nickel-titanium 50-50 alloys or copper alloys, like CuZnAl,
and CuAlNi, but even Pt is used. The wire, twisted at low temperature, when heated will come back to the original shape.
And the “original” shape? It is fixed bending the wire at 500ºC. It can be bent and unbent a million times
![](../images/invar4.gif) |
![](../images/invar6.jpg) |
In shape-memory alloys two sub-phases coexist: hard, high-T austenite and low-T, plastic
martensite. Cooling brings all austenite to martensite. Subsequent deformation keeps the martensite structure intact. It return to the
original austenite after heating. |
“Normal” material are subject to a permanent plastic deformation, once stress exceeds the limit of
elasticity. In shape-memory alloys, a thermal treatment, after the stress has been removed, brings the object to the original dimensions.
After: K. Ireland, University of Wollongong, Material Engineering |
This (left) picture from Transmission Electron
Microscopy shows coexistence of martensite (long needles) and
austenite (patches) phases. In pure titanium only one phase exists (Scanning EM). |
![](../images/invar9.jpg) |
This Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo dual-phase stainless steel elongates better than the chewing gum
And this “cosmic” rubber is soft, if torn slowly, but springs, if hit.
The Material Science came to the playground! |
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